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English: The Smiths in a promotional photograph for their debut album The Smiths, circa 1984. From left to right; Andy Rourke, Morrissey, Johnny Marr, and Mike Joyce. This photo was also issued later to promote their 1985 album Meat Is Murder.
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Fonti
991.com No copyright markings visible with photo. Higher resolution photo scan here.
No permission is required for the following reasons:
A search was conducted through the U.S. Copyright Office public catalog, and there is NO record that this was subsequently registered within 5 years of publication. As such, the opportunity for copyright protection on the photo was forfeited and it entered the public domain.
The source images linked above are mechanical scans of the underlying public domain work. These scans are faithful reproductions of the photograph that do not meet the threshold of originality necessary to assert a copyright interest.
English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
Licenza
Sta mmàggini è ntô duminiu pùbblicu n quantu mera opirazzioni miccànica di scanzioni o fotucopia di na mmàggini origginali ntô duminiu pùbblicu, oppuru - cu evidenza palesi - è accussì sìmili a na scanzioni o fotucopia ca nun si ci aspetta sia pussìbbili la prutizzioni dô copyright. L'origginale è ntô duminiu pùbblicu pi la raggiuni siguenti:
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
St'òpira è ntô duminiu pùbblicu pirchì pubblicata ntê Stati Uniti ntra lu 1978 e lu 1 marzu 1989 senza avvisu di copyright, e nun fu riggistrata succissivamenti a l'U.S. Copyright Office intra 5 anni. A menu ca lu sò auturi nun sia dicidutu di diversi anni, è prutiggiuta di copyright ntê Paisi o àrii ca nun àpplicanu la règula dâ durata chiù brevi pi l'òpiri statunitenzi, comu Canada (50 pma), Cina (50 pma, ma nun Hong Kong o Macau), Girmania (70 pma), Mèssicu (100 pma), Svìzzira (70 pma)e àutri Paisi cu trattati ndividuali. Talìa sta pàggina pi chiossai spiegazzioni (n ngrisi).
Stu tag è spicìficu p'èssiri applicatu nta ddi casi ntê quali c'è la nicissità d'affirmari ca qualegghiè canciamentu (p'esempiu luminusità, cuntrastu, colour-matching, sharpening) è di p'idda stissa ammancanti di criatività n manera tali di nun ginirari un copyright novu. Pò èssiri usatu unni nun si sapi si fu fattu quarchi canciamentu, oppuru quannu li canciamenti sunnu evidenti ma nun sufficienti pi ginirari un copyright novu. Si s'è certi ca nun ci foru canciamenti, è chiù apprupiatu usari {{PD-old}}. Talìa Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag.
Nota: stu tag s'àpplica esclusivamenti a scanzioni e fotucopii. Pi fotugrafìi d'origginali ntô duminiu pùbblicu scattati di luntanu, putissi èssiri applicàbbili {{PD-Art}}. Talìa Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag.