"Vitamina" : Diffirenzi ntrê virsioni

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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Vitamin generic<br> descriptor name
! style="width:15%;"|Nomi ginèrici<br> discrizzioni dê vitamini
! style="width:125px;"|[[Pruvitamini]] (lista nun cumpreta)
! style="width:125px;"|Pruvitamini (lista nun cumpreta)
! style="width:75px;"|[[Sulubbilitati]]
! style="width:75px;"|Sulubbilitati
! class="unsortable" style="width:150px;"|[[Dosi giurnaliera cunsigghiata]]<br>(pô màsculu di 19–70 anni d'etati)<ref name="RDA">[http://iom.edu/en/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing2.ashx Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins] The National Academies, 2001.</ref>
! class="unsortable" style="width:150px;"|Dosi giurnaliera cunsigghiata<br>(pô màsculu di 19–70 anni d'etati)<ref name="RDA">[http://iom.edu/en/Global/News%20Announcements/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/DRISummaryListing2.ashx Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins] The National Academies, 2001.</ref>
! class="unsortable" style="width:200px;"| Malatìi di dificienzi
! class="unsortable" style="width:200px;"| Malatìi di dificienzi
! class="unsortable" style="width:100px;"|Upper Intake Level<br> (UL/day)<ref name="RDA"/>
! class="unsortable" style="width:100px;"|Massima dosi cunsigghiata<br> (UL/jornu)<ref name="RDA"/>
! class="unsortable" style="width:250px;"| Overdose disease
! class="unsortable" style="width:250px;"| Malatìi di eccessu
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin A]]
! [[Vitamina A]]
| [[Retinol]], [[retinal]], and<br>four [[carotenoid]]s <br>including [[beta carotene]]
| [[Ritinolu]], [[ritinali]], e<br>quattru [[carutinòidi]] <br>cumpresu lu [[β caruteni]]
| Lipusulùbbili
| Fat
| '''900&nbsp;µg'''
| '''900&nbsp;µg'''
| [[Night-blindness]], [[Hyperkeratosis]], and [[Keratomalacia]]<ref name="GOVa">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin A]</ref>
| [[Nictalupìa]], [[ipirchiratosi]], [[cheratumalacia]]<ref name="GOVa">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin A]</ref>
| 3,000&nbsp;µg
| 3.000&nbsp;µg
| [[Hypervitaminosis A]]
| [[Ipirvitaminosi A]]
|-
|-
! [[Thiamine|Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>]]
! [[Tiamina|Vitamina B<sub>1</sub>]]
| [[Thiamine]]
| [[Tiamina]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''1.2&nbsp;mg'''
| '''1,2&nbsp;mg'''
| [[Beriberi]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
| [[Beriberi]], [[sìndrumi di Wernicke-Korsakoff]]
| N/D<ref>N/D= "Amount not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake"(see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| N/D<ref>N/D= "Amount not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake"(see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses.<ref>{{cite web |title = Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements| url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html|accessdate = 5 October 2009}}</ref>
| Nturpidimentu masculari, rilassamentu a àvuti dosi<ref>{{cite web |title = Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements| url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-thiamin.html|accessdate = 5 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Riboflavin|Vitamin B<sub>2</sub>]]
! [[Ribuflavina|Vitamina B<sub>2</sub>]]
| [[Riboflavin]]
| [[Ribuflavina]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''1.3&nbsp;mg'''
| '''1,3&nbsp;mg'''
| [[Ariboflavinosis]]
| [[Aribuflavinosi]]
| N/D
| N/D
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Niacin|Vitamin B<sub>3</sub>]]
! [[Niacina|Vitamina B<sub>3</sub>]]
| [[Niacin]], [[niacinamide]]
| [[Niacina]], [[nicutinamidi]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''16.0&nbsp;mg'''
| '''16,0&nbsp;mg'''
| [[Pellagra]]
| [[Piddagra]]
| 35.0&nbsp;mg
| 35,0&nbsp;mg
| [[Liver]] damage (doses > 2g/day)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hardman, J.G. ''et al.''|title=Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics|edition=10th|page=992}}</ref> and [[Niacin#Toxicity|other problems]]
| Dannu ô [[fìcutu]] (n dosi > 2 g/jornu)<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hardman, J.G. ''et al.''|title=Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics|edition=10th|page=992}}</ref> e àutri prubblemi.
|-
|-
! [[Pantothenic acid|Vitamin B<sub>5</sub>]]
! [[Àcitu pantutènicu|Vitamina B<sub>5</sub>]]
| [[Pantothenic acid]]
| [[Àcitu pantutènicu]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| 5.0&nbsp;mg<ref>Plain type indicates Adequate Intakes (A/I). "The AI is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake" (see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| 5,0&nbsp;mg<ref>Plain type indicates Adequate Intakes (A/I). "The AI is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake" (see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| [[Paresthesia]]
| [[Paristisìa]]
| N/D
| N/D
| Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn.<ref>{{cite web |title = Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminb5.html|accessdate = 5 October 2009|publisher=MedlinePlus}}</ref>
| [[Diarrìa]], pussìbbili [[nàusia]] e [[pirosi]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminb5.html|accessdate = 5 October 2009|publisher=MedlinePlus}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin B6|Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]]
! [[Vitamina B6|Vitamina B<sub>6</sub>]]
| [[Pyridoxine]], [[pyridoxamine]], [[pyridoxal]]
| [[Piridussina]], [[piridussamina]], [[piridussali]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''1.3–1.7&nbsp;mg'''
| '''1,3–1,7&nbsp;mg'''
| [[Anemia]]<ref name="GOVb6">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb6.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]</ref> [[peripheral neuropathy]].
| [[Animìa]]<ref name="GOVb6">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb6.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B<sub>6</sub>]</ref>, niurupatìi pirifèrichi.
| 100&nbsp;mg
| 100&nbsp;mg
| Impairment of [[proprioception]], nerve damage (doses > 100&nbsp;mg/day)
| Disfunzioni [[propriucizzioni]], danni ê nervi (n dosi > 100 &nbsp;mg/jornu)
|-
|-
! [[Biotin|Vitamin B<sub>7</sub>]]
! [[Biutina|Vitamina B<sub>7</sub>]]
| [[Biotin]]
| [[Biutina]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| 30.0&nbsp;µg
| 30,0&nbsp;µg
| [[Dermatitis]], [[enteritis]]
| [[Dirmatìti]], [[enteriti]]
| N/D
| N/D
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Folic acid|Vitamin B<sub>9</sub>]]
! [[Àcitu fòlicu|Vitamina B<sub>9</sub>]]
| [[Folic acid]], [[folinic acid]]
| [[Àcitu fòlicu]], [[àcitu fulinicu]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''400&nbsp;µg'''
| '''400&nbsp;µg'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Megaloblast]] and Deficiency during pregnancy is associated with [[birth defects]], such as [[neural tube]] defects
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Megalublastosi]], dificienzi duranti la [[prinnizza]] assuciati cu difetti cungèniti comu chiddi lijati a prubblemi nâ chiusura dô [[tubbu niurali]], p'asempiu la [[spina bìfida]] e la [[labiupalatuschisi]].
| 1,000&nbsp;µg
| 1.000&nbsp;µg
| Poti ammucciari li sìntumi dâ dicicienza di vitamina B<sub>12</sub>, àutri effetti.
| May mask symptoms of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency; [[Folic acid#Overdose Risks|other effects]].
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin B12|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]]
! [[Vitamina B12|Vitamina B<sub>12</sub>]]
| [[Cyanocobalamin]], [[hydroxycobalamin]], [[methylcobalamin]]
| [[Cianucobalamina]], [[idrossicubalamina]], [[mitilcubalamina]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''2.4&nbsp;µg'''
| '''2,4&nbsp;µg'''
| [[Megaloblastic anemia]]<ref name="GOVb12">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]</ref>
| [[Megalublastosi]]<ref name="GOVb12">[http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]</ref>
| N/D
| N/D
| ''Rash'' cutàniu simili a l'[[acni]] (puru siddu la causalitati nun eni stata difinitivamenti pruvata)
| Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established].
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin C]]
! [[Vitamina C]]
| [[Ascorbic acid]]
| [[Àcitu ascòrbicu]]
| Idrusulùbbili
| Water
| '''90.0&nbsp;mg'''
| '''90,0&nbsp;mg'''
| [[Scurvy]]
| [[Scurbutu]]
| 2,000&nbsp;mg
| 2.000&nbsp;mg
| [[Vitamin C megadosage]]
| [[Ipirvitaminosi C]]
|-
|-
! style="whitespace:nowrap;"|[[Vitamin D]]
! style="whitespace:nowrap;"|[[Vitamina D]]
| [[Ergocalcifirolu|Ergocalcifirolu (vitamina D<sub>2</sub>)]], [[culicalcifirolu|culicalcifirolu (vitamina D<sub>3</sub>)]]
| [[Ergocalciferol]], [[cholecalciferol]]
| Lipusulùbbili
| Fat
| 5.0&nbsp;µg–10&nbsp;µg<ref>Value represents suggested intake without adequate sunlight exposure (see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| 5,0&nbsp;µg–10&nbsp;µg<ref>Value represents suggested intake without adequate sunlight exposure (see [http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/0.pdf Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins]).</ref>
| [[Rickets]] and [[Osteomalacia]]
| [[Rachitismu]] e [[osteumalacìa]]
| 50&nbsp;µg
| 50&nbsp;µg
| [[Hypervitaminosis D]]
| [[Ipirvitaminosi D]]
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin E]]
! [[Vitamina E]]
| [[Tocopherol]]s, [[tocotrienol]]s
| [[Tocufirolu]], [[tocutrienolu]]
| Lipusulùbbili
| Fat
| '''15.0&nbsp;mg'''
| '''15,0&nbsp;mg'''
|align="left"| Deficiency is very rare; mild [[hemolytic anemia]] in newborn infants.<ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch154/ch154a.html The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction] Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.</ref>
|align="left"| La dificienza eni veru rara; dèbbuli [[animìa]] emulìtica nunnati.<ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec12/ch154/ch154a.html The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction] Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.</ref>
| 1,000&nbsp;mg
| 1.000&nbsp;mg
| Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_262/ai_n13675725|work=Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients|title=Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure?|first=Alan R.|last=Gaby|year=2005}}</ref>
| Ncrimintata [[nsufficienza cardìaca]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_262/ai_n13675725|work=Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients|title=Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure?|first=Alan R.|last=Gaby|year=2005}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Vitamin K]]
! [[Vitamina K]]
| [[phylloquinone]], [[menaquinone]]s
| [[Filluchinoni]], [[Minachinoni]]
| Lipusulùbbili
| Fat
| 120&nbsp;µg
| 120&nbsp;µg
| [[Diatesi]] emurràggica
| [[Bleeding diathesis]]
| N/D
| N/D
| Increases coagulation in patients taking [[warfarin]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rohde LE, de Assis MC, Rabelo ER |title=Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients |journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=2007|pmid=17143047 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e328011c46c}}</ref>
| Ncrementu [[cuagulazzioni]] n pacienti c'assùminu [[warfarina]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rohde LE, de Assis MC, Rabelo ER |title=Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients |journal=Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=2007|pmid=17143047 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e328011c46c}}</ref>
|}
|}



Virsioni dû 12:41, 12 mar 2011


File:Retinol 3Dstructure.png
Struttura chìmica (mudellu 3D) dô ritinolu, la forma cchiù cumuni ntâ dieta dâ vitamina A.

Na vitamina eni nu cumpostu urgànicu richiestu comu nutrienti n picca dosi di n'urganismu. N àvutri paroli, nu cumpostu urgànicu è chiamatu vitamina siddu nun poti èssiri sintitizzatu n manera sufficienti di l'urganismu, e devi èssiri ottinuta dâ dieta. Pirciò, lu tèrmini dipenni sia dê circustanzi sia di l'urganismu. P'asempiu, l'àcitu ascòrbicu (vitamina C) eni na vitamina ppi l'omu, ma nun ppô cchiossài di l'àutri armali, mentri la biutina e la vitamina D sunnu richiesti ni l'omu n certi circustanzi. Ppi cunvinzioni, lu tèrmini nun includi àvutri nutrienti essenziali comu sali minirali, àciti grassi essenziali, amminuàciti essenziali (picchì chissi sèrvunu n quantitati cchiù granni), e mancu cunteni l'àvutu nùmmuru di àutri nutrienti chi prumòvinu la saluti, puru siddu sunnu richiesti menu spissu. Trìdici vitamini sunnu oj arricanisciuti universalmenti. Li vitamini sunnu dunca classificati dê loru attivitati biològgichi e chìmichi, nun dê loru strutturi. Varî cumposti chi hàvinu attivitati biològgica assuciata cu na vitamina sunnu ditti pruvitamini, e chissi gruppi sunnu numinati cu lèttiri: p'asempiu, la vitamina A cumprenni lu retinali, lu retinolu e quattru carutinòidi canusciuti. Ppi difinizzioni li pruvitamini si pòtinu cunvèrtiri n na forma attiva dâ vitamina ni l'urganismu, e a li voti si pòtinu virè cunvirtiri l'una ni l'àvutra.

Nti l'omu

Li vitamini sunnu classificati n basi â sulubilitati: lipusulùbbili o idrusulùbbili. Nti l'omu sunnu ricanusciuti trìdici vitamini:

  • 4 vitamini lipusulùbbili (A, D, E, K);
  • 9 vitamini idrusulùbbili (8 vitamini B, C).

Vitamini lipusulùbbili

Li pisci grassi, comu lu salmuni, sunnu na fonti naturali di vitamina D.

Li sitamini lipusulùbbili sunnu assurbiti attraversu lu ntistinu grazzi a lipidi. Nguasennuca iddi s'accùmulanu facirmenti, eni cchiù fàcili ca pòrtanu a ipirvitaminosi rispettu ê vitamini idrusulùbbili.

Vitamini idrusulùbbili

Li vitamini idrusulùbbili sunnu vilocimenti escreti e difficirmenti assurbiti: ppi chissu, eni mpurtanti nutricàrisi cu cibi ca contèninu cunsistenti quantitati di chissi cumposti di jornu n jornu. Multi vitamini idrusulùbbili sunnu sintitizzati da batteri.

Lista di vitamini nti l'omu

Agni vitamina eni tipicamenti usata n diversi riazzioni, e ppi chissu havi sparaggî funzioni.

Nomi ginèrici
pâ discrizzioni dê vitamini
Pruvitamini (lista nun cumpreta) Sulubbilitati Dosi giurnaliera cunsigghiata
(pô màsculu di 19–70 anni d'etati)[1]
Malatìi di dificienzi Massima dosi cunsigghiata
(UL/jornu)[1]
Malatìi di eccessu
Vitamina A Ritinolu, ritinali, e
quattru carutinòidi
cumpresu lu β caruteni
Lipusulùbbili 900 µg Nictalupìa, ipirchiratosi, cheratumalacia[2] 3.000 µg Ipirvitaminosi A
Vitamina B1 Tiamina Idrusulùbbili 1,2 mg Beriberi, sìndrumi di Wernicke-Korsakoff N/D[3] Nturpidimentu masculari, rilassamentu a àvuti dosi[4]
Vitamina B2 Ribuflavina Idrusulùbbili 1,3 mg Aribuflavinosi N/D
Vitamina B3 Niacina, nicutinamidi Idrusulùbbili 16,0 mg Piddagra 35,0 mg Dannu ô fìcutu (n dosi > 2 g/jornu)[5] e àutri prubblemi.
Vitamina B5 Àcitu pantutènicu Idrusulùbbili 5,0 mg[6] Paristisìa N/D Diarrìa, pussìbbili nàusia e pirosi.[7]
Vitamina B6 Piridussina, piridussamina, piridussali Idrusulùbbili 1,3–1,7 mg Animìa[8], niurupatìi pirifèrichi. 100 mg Disfunzioni dâ propriucizzioni, danni ê nervi (n dosi > 100  mg/jornu)
Vitamina B7 Biutina Idrusulùbbili 30,0 µg Dirmatìti, enteriti N/D
Vitamina B9 Àcitu fòlicu, àcitu fulinicu Idrusulùbbili 400 µg Megalublastosi, dificienzi duranti la prinnizza assuciati cu difetti cungèniti comu chiddi lijati a prubblemi nâ chiusura dô tubbu niurali, p'asempiu la spina bìfida e la labiupalatuschisi. 1.000 µg Poti ammucciari li sìntumi dâ dicicienza di vitamina B12, àutri effetti.
Vitamina B12 Cianucobalamina, idrossicubalamina, mitilcubalamina Idrusulùbbili 2,4 µg Megalublastosi[9] N/D Rash cutàniu simili a l'acni (puru siddu la causalitati nun eni stata difinitivamenti pruvata)
Vitamina C Àcitu ascòrbicu Idrusulùbbili 90,0 mg Scurbutu 2.000 mg Ipirvitaminosi C
Vitamina D Ergocalcifirolu (vitamina D2), culicalcifirolu (vitamina D3) Lipusulùbbili 5,0 µg–10 µg[10] Rachitismu e osteumalacìa 50 µg Ipirvitaminosi D
Vitamina E Tocufirolu, tocutrienolu Lipusulùbbili 15,0 mg La dificienza eni veru rara; dèbbuli animìa emulìtica nê nunnati.[11] 1.000 mg Ncrimintata nsufficienza cardìaca[12]
Vitamina K Filluchinoni, Minachinoni Lipusulùbbili 120 µg Diatesi emurràggica N/D Ncrementu dâ cuagulazzioni n pacienti c'assùminu warfarina.[13]
  1. 1,0 1,1 Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins The National Academies, 2001.
  2. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin A
  3. N/D= "Amount not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake"(see Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins).
  4. Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements. Retrieved on 5 October 2009.
  5. Template:Cite book
  6. Plain type indicates Adequate Intakes (A/I). "The AI is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake" (see Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins).
  7. Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements. MedlinePlus. Retrieved on 5 October 2009.
  8. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B6
  9. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B12
  10. Value represents suggested intake without adequate sunlight exposure (see Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins).
  11. The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page.
  12. Gaby, Alan R.. "Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure?", Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. 
  13. Template:Cite journal